#include "Turbulence.hpp" #include "Math.hpp" namespace yasim { // Typical velocity spectrum: MIN 0.017 MAX 0.72 AVG 0.30 RMS 0.33 // Maximum conceivable turbulence flow, in m/s. In practice, most // generated turbulence fields top out at about 70% of this number. const float MAX_TURBULENCE = 20; // Rate, in "meters" per second, of the default time axis motion. // This will be multiplied by the rate-hz property to get the actual // time axis offset. A setting of 2.0 causes the maximum frequency // component to arrive at 1 Hz. const float BASE_RATE = 2.0; // Power to which the input magnitude (always in the range [0:1]) is // raised to get a coefficient for the turbulence velocity. Setting // this to 1.0 makes the scale linear. Increasing it makes it // curvier, with a sharp increase at the high end of the scale. const double MAGNITUDE_EXP = 2.0; // How many generations are "meaningful" (i.e., not part of the normal // wind computation). Decreasing this number will reallocate // bandwidth to the higher frequency components. A turbulence field // will swing between maximal values over a distance of approximately // 2^(MEANINGFUL_GENS-1). const int MEANINGFUL_GENS = 7; static const float FT2M = 0.3048; // 8 x 32 s-box used by hashrand. Read out of /dev/random on my Linux // box; not analyzed for linearity or coverage issues. static unsigned int SBOX[] = { 0x0a881716, 0x20daa8ee, 0x61eb7d78, 0x46164e74, 0x39ab9d9d, 0x633a33f6, 0x437c821d, 0x60a66f29, 0xc4ae45ab, 0x9a5cb3ce, 0x4a43606a, 0x56802c3c, 0xe40d5e25, 0xa0297f41, 0x0457671e, 0xf167ab77, 0x571276db, 0x8b644e02, 0xd5cfc592, 0x2331bfa2, 0xf9dfe7c1, 0xce9e7583, 0xfb133c29, 0x951c31c9, 0x8e61b24e, 0xddf37570, 0x938c3b72, 0xaf907468, 0x98b77ac7, 0xe6edd515, 0xa01f3600, 0xeafea5ad, 0x83fcce08, 0xe2e9fa9d, 0xd87727bb, 0x1945ea4c, 0x831d295f, 0xa796ed85, 0xaa907b24, 0x69b25f12, 0xd4b27868, 0xdcde40f5, 0x0e9e6def, 0x348a4702, 0x298389c8, 0xce405b63, 0x2e36d5a3, 0xf0569882, 0x3beb3219, 0xf2366b9a, 0x69576cca, 0xd2725b8b, 0x6016d6f3, 0x728142ca, 0x448b9f47, 0xe600cd4e, 0xac45d524, 0x0e32531b, 0x425d7b55, 0xc65cd9dc, 0x58d7f9f1, 0x19f49822, 0x6786f2d3, 0x57844748, 0x523de4a3, 0x01079655, 0x6dccea89, 0xb59278f2, 0x13a27e83, 0x19bcfc69, 0x4cff4bf5, 0xb18a3441, 0x1e235c5e, 0xa1b47a42, 0x3bee8a5a, 0xa0962594, 0xa9b1ce4c, 0xb00399c8, 0x83749847, 0x42c666e7, 0x08b81e57, 0xf7eee24b, 0x66720817, 0x3983f5f8, 0x4999a817, 0x94fabd7a, 0x7aa775ef, 0xf6c1adcb, 0x5f32a695, 0x813ecf7e, 0x66615fd5, 0xc0012e15, 0x051dd97e, 0xe6ee2803, 0x2449663c, 0x4024d59c, 0xcb70a774, 0xacd3db94, 0x1845484e, 0xc803ef3c, 0x0662876f, 0x8794fe30, 0xf0f0d16a, 0x41c065b8, 0xff9d5fc7, 0xa4237394, 0x8656614d, 0x26be5da9, 0xb32bc625, 0xf215cc58, 0xc1e21848, 0xb97fe9fc, 0xbb28ef04, 0xde88eb23, 0xe0623033, 0xa3df9e9c, 0xe9b95887, 0x3a4ab03b, 0x1cba812e, 0x174b4b37, 0x0074d24b, 0xe5668d09, 0xf11a070a, 0x2884252b, 0x911149ea, 0x20dab459, 0x89573d33, 0x68c2711d, 0x2b8e9781, 0xf007567b, 0x9761c8fa, 0x574d3a4e, 0xa2ac28dd, 0x924f2211, 0xb0a91028, 0x83a90487, 0xf22cf6f8, 0x17a5dcfe, 0x10497534, 0x27dd1316, 0x94a34815, 0x276e11ee, 0xead1d779, 0x0bfd4f20, 0x45f2228f, 0x35d21bf8, 0x121336c0, 0x43a6538b, 0x55e950dc, 0x88a80871, 0xfda9f61e, 0x5c76d120, 0x2eb8338f, 0x5193bb8e, 0x30a6995c, 0x500505a8, 0x7b214f6a, 0x6a74558d, 0x040d0716, 0x4452846b, 0xd0a0e838, 0xead282e0, 0x6bc6465c, 0xcb4ab107, 0xab990ed7, 0x72a1fe7b, 0x06901fdf, 0x18f90739, 0x8cd2b861, 0xaea9d40c, 0x2dcf7c18, 0x45979e8a, 0x10393f0d, 0x3209d7c9, 0x2c71378f, 0x908a692a, 0xc0e63b24, 0x05de3118, 0xfc974436, 0x1be44823, 0x03de2f3d, 0x66cfb6e4, 0x52727bfc, 0xa7b93651, 0xd7b9035f, 0xfac28d33, 0x59bb4457, 0xeede4004, 0x175ad747, 0x7808d123, 0xc9c97de8, 0x0c26ca26, 0x75e62e96, 0xc8376e97, 0xf2ee6baa, 0x6a885f88, 0x352f92ab, 0x4143f4a4, 0xb1cca58c, 0xe8fbea94, 0x5c306621, 0xfbe64c32, 0xa1ed285d, 0xca7395cf, 0x4eed31a5, 0x31e39fee, 0x7951c585, 0x23434811, 0xfc103036, 0xef001b3c, 0x499f5f34, 0x5f7f38f4, 0x0206d8c5, 0xcc3ee4f1, 0xbc0b485c, 0x4e4f5829, 0x05ee6e6d, 0xc82d5353, 0x44892bec, 0x22984b53, 0x8a6374d1, 0x0850c3f9, 0x0c06ae88, 0x2dfdc126, 0xd1edacdc, 0x1d8dbd39, 0xdeff2db8, 0xd557278d, 0x7e9e3740, 0x49a1ecb5, 0x43f7b391, 0x50b6b9ef, 0x46b9b8f8, 0xd3f5f6d2, 0x8d453b88, 0xc0ba5333, 0x5ab92e37, 0x6e7620a4, 0x8eb9795a, 0x30355a84, 0xf5e4ad33, 0x7d0b4df2, 0xe0f3e2a1, 0xa466f0e6, 0x39a19c9a, 0x1b284524, 0x854f8b3b, 0x02d10b6c, 0x44fb5d9d, 0x60c29fec, 0xda35244a, 0xb5ce6653, 0xfd8356ad, 0xff88d46b, 0x23fd1d16, 0xdc0be23c }; // Random hash function on 32 bit integers. Works by XORing the input // word with s-box values looked up from each input byte. This is // pretty much the simplest "good" hash function of this type. The // instruction count is very low; depending on cache behavior with the // 1024 byte s-box table, it may or may not be the fastest. inline unsigned int Turbulence::hashrand(unsigned int i) { i ^= SBOX[(i>> 0) & 0xff]; i ^= SBOX[(i>> 8) & 0xff]; i ^= SBOX[(i>>16) & 0xff]; i ^= SBOX[(i>>24) & 0xff]; return i; } // 32 bit integer to [0:1] (safe with 64 bit ints) static inline float i2fu(unsigned int i) { return (1.0/0xffffffffu) * i; } // 32 bit integer to [-1:1] (safe with 64 bit ints) static inline float i2fs(unsigned int i) { return 2 * i2fu(i) - 1; } // Similar conversions, for 8 bit unsigned bytes static inline float c2fu(unsigned char c) { return (c+0.5)*(1.0/256); } static inline unsigned char f2cu(float f) { int c = (int)(f * 256); return c == 256 ? 255 : c; } inline void Turbulence::turblut(int x, int y, float* out) { x = x >= _sz ? x - _sz : x; y = y >= _sz ? y - _sz : y; unsigned char* turb = _data + 3*(y*_sz+x); out[0] = c2fu(turb[0]) * (_x1 - _x0) + _x0; out[1] = c2fu(turb[1]) * (_y1 - _y0) + _y0; out[2] = c2fu(turb[2]) * (_z1 - _z0) + _z0; } void Turbulence::setMagnitude(double mag) { _mag = Math::pow(mag, MAGNITUDE_EXP); } void Turbulence::update(double dt, double rate) { _timeOff += BASE_RATE * dt * rate; } void Turbulence::offset(float* offset) { for(int i=0; i<3; i++) _off[i] += offset[i]; } void Turbulence::getTurbulence(double* loc, float alt, float* up, float* turbOut) { // Convert to integer 2D coordinates; wrap to [0:_sz]. double a = (loc[0] + _off[0]) + (loc[2] + _off[2]); double b = (loc[1] + _off[1]) + _timeOff; a -= _sz * Math::floor(a * (1.0/_sz)); b -= _sz * Math::floor(b * (1.0/_sz)); int x = ((int)Math::floor(a))&(_sz-1); int y = ((int)Math::floor(b))&(_sz-1); // Convert to fractional interpolation factors a -= x; b -= y; // Do the lookups float turb00[3], turb10[3], turb01[3], turb11[3]; turblut(x, y, turb00); turblut(x+1, y, turb10); turblut(x, y+1, turb01); turblut(x+1, y+1, turb11); // Interpolate, add in units float mag = _mag * MAX_TURBULENCE; for(int i=0; i<3; i++) { float avg0 = (1-a)*turb00[i] + a*turb01[i]; float avg1 = (1-a)*turb10[i] + a*turb11[i]; turbOut[i] = mag * ((1-b)*avg0 + b*avg1); } // Adjust for altitude effects if(alt < 300) { float altmul = 0.5 + (1-0.5) * (alt*(1.0/300)); if(alt < 100) { float vmul = alt * (1.0/100); vmul = vmul / altmul; // pre-correct for the pending altmul float dot = Math::dot3(turbOut, up); float off[3]; Math::mul3(dot * (vmul-1), up, off); Math::add3(turbOut, off, turbOut); } Math::mul3(altmul, turbOut, turbOut); } } // Associates a random number in the range [-1:1] with a given lattice // point. float Turbulence::lattice(unsigned int x, unsigned int y) { return i2fs(hashrand((((_seed << _gens) | x) << _gens) | y)); } // Returns a scale for a vector that normalizes it into a sphere (as // opposed to cube) space. This prevents the overscaling of the // "corner" vectors you get from choosing three random turbulence // components. float Turbulence::cubenorm(float x, float y, float z) { x = x < 0 ? -x : x; y = y < 0 ? -y : y; z = z < 0 ? -z : z; float max = ((x > y) && (x > z)) ? x : ((y > z) ? y : z); return max/Math::sqrt(x*x + y*y + z*z); } Turbulence::~Turbulence() { delete[] _data; } Turbulence::Turbulence(int gens, int seed) { _gens = gens; _sz = 1 << (_gens - 1); _seed = seed; _mag = 1; _x0 = _x1 = _y0 = _y1 = _z0 = _z1 = 0; _timeOff = 0; _off[0] = _off[1] = _off[2] = 0; float* xbuf = new float[_sz*_sz]; float* ybuf = new float[_sz*_sz]; float* zbuf = new float[_sz*_sz]; mkimg(xbuf, _sz); _seed++; mkimg(ybuf, _sz); _seed++; mkimg(zbuf, _sz); // "Normalize" them to proper spherical magnitudes, and calculate // range information for the packing. for(int i=0; i<_sz*_sz; i++) { float n = cubenorm(xbuf[i], ybuf[i], zbuf[i]); xbuf[i] *= n; ybuf[i] *= n; zbuf[i] *= n; _x0 = xbuf[i] < _x0 ? xbuf[i] : _x0; _x1 = xbuf[i] > _x1 ? xbuf[i] : _x1; _y0 = ybuf[i] < _y0 ? ybuf[i] : _y0; _y1 = ybuf[i] > _y1 ? ybuf[i] : _y1; _z0 = zbuf[i] < _z0 ? zbuf[i] : _z0; _z1 = zbuf[i] > _z1 ? zbuf[i] : _z1; } // Pack into 3 byte tuples for storage. _data = new unsigned char[3*_sz*_sz]; for(int i=0; i<_sz*_sz; i++) { float x = xbuf[i], y = ybuf[i], z = zbuf[i]; unsigned char* tuple = _data + 3*i; tuple[0] = f2cu((x - _x0) / (_x1 - _x0)); tuple[1] = f2cu((y - _y0) / (_y1 - _y0)); tuple[2] = f2cu((z - _z0) / (_z1 - _z0)); } delete[] xbuf; delete[] ybuf; delete[] zbuf; } // "Integer" turbulence function. Takes coordinates in the range // [0:1] expressed as a fraction of 2^32 (works with 64 bit ints too; // it just doesn't use the whole range). The output range is // guaranteed to be within [-1:1], with a typical output range of +/- // 0.6 or so. float Turbulence::iturb(unsigned int x, unsigned int y) { float amplitude = 0.5; // start here, so it all sums to ~1.0 float total = 0; int wrapmax = 2; int startgen = _gens - MEANINGFUL_GENS; for(int g=startgen; g<_gens; g++) { int xl = x >> (32 - g); // lattice coordinates int yl = y >> (32 - g); float xfrac = i2fu(x << g); // interpolation fractions float yfrac = i2fu(y << g); xfrac = xfrac*xfrac*(3 - 2*xfrac); // ... as cubics yfrac = yfrac*yfrac*(3 - 2*yfrac); #define WRAP(a) (a) >= wrapmax ? 0 : (a) float p00 = lattice(WRAP(xl), WRAP(yl)); // lattice values float p01 = lattice(WRAP(xl), WRAP(yl+1)); float p10 = lattice(WRAP(xl+1), WRAP(yl)); float p11 = lattice(WRAP(xl+1), WRAP(yl+1)); #undef WRAP float p0 = p00 * (1-yfrac) + p01 * yfrac; float p1 = p10 * (1-yfrac) + p11 * yfrac; float p = p0 * (1-xfrac) + p1 * xfrac; total += p * amplitude; amplitude *= 0.5; wrapmax *= 2; } return total; } // Converts "real" turbulence coordinates expressed in the range // [0:_sz] (modulo) to integers and runs them through iturb(). float Turbulence::fturb(double a, double b) { a *= 1.0 / _sz; b *= 1.0 / _sz; a -= Math::floor(a); b -= Math::floor(b); return iturb((unsigned int)(a * 4294967296.0), (unsigned int)(b * 4294967296.0)); } void Turbulence::mkimg(float* buf, int sz) { for(int y=0; y