Two-parameter physics-based model of atmosphere up to 262,467 ft i.e. the top of the mesosphere. Correctly exhibits the HALT phenomenon.
This commit is contained in:
John Denker
Tim Moore
parent
9a19c238a9
commit
abc7ae96a5
5 changed files with 293 additions and 80 deletions
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@ -1,16 +1,49 @@
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#include <simgear/math/SGMath.hxx>
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#include <simgear/debug/logstream.hxx>
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#include "atmosphere.hxx"
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using namespace std;
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#include <iostream>
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FGAtmoCache::FGAtmoCache() :
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a_tvs_p(0)
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{}
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const ISA_layer ISA_def[] = {
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// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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// id (m) (ft) (Pa) (inHg) (K) (C) (K/m) (K/ft)
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ISA_layer(0, 0, 0, 101325, 29.92126, 288.15, 15.00, 0.0065, 0.0019812),
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ISA_layer(1, 11000, 36089, 22632.1, 6.683246, 216.65, -56.50, 0, 0),
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ISA_layer(2, 20000, 65616, 5474.89, 1.616734, 216.65, -56.50, -0.0010, -0.0003048),
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ISA_layer(3, 32000, 104986, 868.019, 0.256326, 228.65, -44.50, -0.0028, -0.0008534),
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ISA_layer(4, 47000, 154199, 110.906, 0.0327506, 270.65, -2.50, 0, 0),
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ISA_layer(5, 51000, 167322, 66.9389, 0.0197670, 270.65, -2.50, 0.0028, 0.0008534),
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ISA_layer(6, 71000, 232939, 3.95642, 0.00116833, 214.65, -58.50, 0.0020, 0.0006096),
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ISA_layer(7, 80000, 262467, 0.88628, 0.000261718, 196.65, -76.50),
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};
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FGAtmoCache::~FGAtmoCache() {
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delete a_tvs_p;
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const int ISA_def_size(sizeof(ISA_def) / sizeof(ISA_layer));
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#if 0
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// Pressure within a layer, as a function of height
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// and of layer parameters.
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// Physics model: standard or nonstandard atmosphere,
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// depending on what parameters you pass in.
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// Heights in meters, pressures in Pa.
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// As always, $lambda is positive in the troposphere,
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// and zero in the first part of the stratosphere.
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//
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double Ph_layer(
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const double hh,
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const double hb,
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const double Pb,
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const double Tb,
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const double lambda) {
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using namespace atmodel;
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if (lambda) {
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// (1/N) &:=& {g\,m_M \over \lambda\,R}
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double N = lambda * Rgas / mm / g;
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return Pb * pow((Tb - lambda*(hh - hb)) / Tb, 1/N);
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} else {
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return Pb * exp(-g * mm / Rgas / Tb * (hh - hb));
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}
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}
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// Pressure as a function of height.
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@ -21,7 +54,7 @@ FGAtmoCache::~FGAtmoCache() {
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//
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// Height in meters, pressure in pascals.
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double FGAtmo::p_vs_a(const double height) {
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double old_p_vs_a(const double height) {
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using namespace atmodel;
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if (height <= 11000.) {
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return P_layer(height, 0.0, ISA::P0, ISA::T0, ISA::lam0);
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@ -33,10 +66,120 @@ double FGAtmo::p_vs_a(const double height) {
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return 0;
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}
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// degrees C, height in feet
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double FGAtmo::fake_t_vs_a_us(const double h_ft) {
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#endif
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// Pressure within a layer, as a function of height.
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// Physics model: standard or nonstandard atmosphere,
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// depending on what parameters you pass in.
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// Height in meters, pressures in pascals.
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// As always, lapse is positive in the troposphere,
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// and zero in the first part of the stratosphere.
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double P_layer(const double height, const double href,
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const double Pref, const double Tref,
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const double lapse) {
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using namespace atmodel;
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return ISA::T0 - ISA::lam0 * h_ft * foot - freezing;
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if (lapse) {
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double N = lapse * Rgas / mm / g;
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return Pref * pow( (Tref - lapse*(height - href)) / Tref , (1/N));
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} else {
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return Pref * exp(-g * mm / Rgas / Tref * (height - href));
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}
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}
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// Temperature within a layer, as a function of height.
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// Physics model: standard or nonstandard atmosphere
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// depending on what parameters you pass in.
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// $hh in meters, pressures in Pa.
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// As always, $lambda is positive in the troposphere,
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// and zero in the first part of the stratosphere.
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double T_layer (
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const double hh,
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const double hb,
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const double Pb,
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const double Tb,
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const double lambda) {
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return Tb - lambda*(hh - hb);
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}
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// Pressure and temperature as a function of height, Psl, and Tsl.
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// heights in meters, pressures in Pa.
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// Daisy chain version.
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// We need "seed" values for sea-level pressure and temperature.
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// In addition, for every layer, we need three things
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// from the table: the reference height in that layer,
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// the lapse in that layer, and the cap (if any) for that layer
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// (which we take from the /next/ row of the table, if any).
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tuple<double,double> PT_vs_hpt(
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const double hh,
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const double _p0,
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const double _t0
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) {
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const double d0(0);
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double hgt = ISA_def[0].height;
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double p0 = _p0;
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double t0 = _t0;
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#if 0
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cout << "PT_vs_hpt: " << hh << " " << p0 << " " << t0 << endl;
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#endif
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int ii = 0;
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for (const ISA_layer* pp = ISA_def; pp->lapse != -1; pp++, ii++) {
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#if 0
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cout << "PT_vs_hpt: " << ii
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<< " height: " << pp->height
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<< " temp: " << pp->temp
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<< " lapse: " << pp->lapse
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<< endl;
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#endif
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double xhgt(9e99);
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double lapse = pp->lapse;
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// Stratosphere starts at a definite temperature,
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// not a definite height:
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if (ii == 0) {
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xhgt = hgt + (t0 - (pp+1)->temp) / lapse;
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} else if ((pp+1)->lapse != -1) {
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xhgt = (pp+1)->height;
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}
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if (hh <= xhgt) {
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return make_tuple(P_layer(hh, hgt, p0, t0, lapse),
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T_layer(hh, hgt, p0, t0, lapse));
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}
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p0 = P_layer(xhgt, hgt, p0, t0, lapse);
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t0 = t0 - lapse * (xhgt - hgt);
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hgt = xhgt;
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}
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// Should never get here.
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SG_LOG(SG_GENERAL, SG_ALERT, "PT_vs_hpt: ran out of layers");
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return make_tuple(d0,d0);
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}
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FGAtmoCache::FGAtmoCache() :
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a_tvs_p(0)
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{}
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FGAtmoCache::~FGAtmoCache() {
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delete a_tvs_p;
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}
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/////////////
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// The following two routines are called "fake" because they
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// bypass the exceedingly complicated layer model implied by
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// the "weather conditioins" popup menu.
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// For now we must bypass it for several reasons, including
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// the fact that we don't have an "environment" object for
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// the airport (only for the airplane).
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// degrees C, height in feet
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double FGAtmo::fake_T_vs_a_us(const double h_ft,
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const double Tsl) const {
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using namespace atmodel;
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return Tsl - ISA::lam0 * h_ft * foot;
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}
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// Dewpoint. degrees C or K, height in feet
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@ -62,7 +205,8 @@ void FGAtmoCache::tabulate() {
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a_tvs_p = new SGInterpTable;
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for (double hgt = -1000; hgt <= 32000;) {
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double press = p_vs_a(hgt);
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double press,temp;
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make_tuple(ref(press), ref(temp)) = PT_vs_hpt(hgt);
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a_tvs_p->addEntry(press / inHg, hgt / foot);
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#ifdef DEBUG_EXPORT_P_H
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@ -86,25 +230,6 @@ void FGAtmoCache::cache() {
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tabulate();
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}
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// Pressure within a layer, as a function of height.
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// Physics model: standard or nonstandard atmosphere,
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// depending on what parameters you pass in.
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// Height in meters, pressures in pascals.
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// As always, lapse is positive in the troposphere,
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// and zero in the first part of the stratosphere.
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double FGAtmo::P_layer(const double height, const double href,
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const double Pref, const double Tref,
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const double lapse) {
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using namespace atmodel;
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if (lapse) {
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double N = lapse * Rgas / mm / g;
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return Pref * pow( (Tref - lapse*(height - href)) / Tref , (1/N));
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} else {
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return Pref * exp(-g * mm / Rgas / Tref * (height - href));
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}
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}
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// Check the basic function,
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// then compare against the interpolator.
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void FGAtmoCache::check_model() {
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@ -132,7 +257,8 @@ void FGAtmoCache::check_model() {
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break;
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using namespace atmodel;
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cache();
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double press = p_vs_a(height);
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double press,temp;
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make_tuple(ref(press), ref(temp)) = PT_vs_hpt(height);
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cout << "Height: " << height
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<< " \tpressure: " << press << endl;
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cout << "Check: "
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@ -154,21 +280,30 @@ double FGAltimeter::reading_ft(const double p_inHg, const double set_inHg) {
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return (press_alt - kollsman_shift);
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}
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// Altimeter setting.
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// Field elevation in feet
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// Field pressure in inHg
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// field elevation in troposphere only
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double FGAtmo::qnh(const double field_ft, const double press_inHg) {
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// Altimeter setting _in pascals_
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// ... caller gets to convert to inHg or millibars
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// Field elevation in m
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// Field pressure in pascals
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// Valid for fields within the troposphere only.
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double FGAtmo::QNH(const double field_elev, const double field_press) {
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using namespace atmodel;
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// Equation derived in altimetry.htm
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// exponent in QNH equation:
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double nn = ISA::lam0 * Rgas / g / mm;
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// pressure ratio factor:
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double prat = pow(ISA::P0/inHg / press_inHg, nn);
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return press_inHg
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* pow(1 + ISA::lam0 * field_ft * foot / ISA::T0 * prat, 1/nn);
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double prat = pow(ISA::P0 / field_press, nn);
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double rslt = field_press
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* pow(1. + ISA::lam0 * field_elev / ISA::T0 * prat, 1./nn);
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#if 0
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SG_LOG(SG_GENERAL, SG_ALERT, "QNH: elev: " << field_elev
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<< " press: " << field_press
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<< " prat: " << prat
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<< " rslt: " << rslt
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<< " inHg: " << inHg
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<< " rslt/inHG: " << rslt/inHg);
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#endif
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return rslt;
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}
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void FGAltimeter::dump_stack1(const double Tref) {
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@ -188,13 +323,14 @@ void FGAltimeter::dump_stack1(const double Tref) {
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double hgts[] = {0, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10000, -9e99};
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for (int ii = 0; ; ii++) {
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double hgt_ft = hgts[ii];
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double hgt = hgt_ft * foot;
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if (hgt_ft < -1e6)
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break;
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double press = P_layer(hgt_ft*foot, 0, ISA::P0, Tref, ISA::lam0);
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double p_inHg = press / inHg;
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double qnhx = qnh(hgt_ft, p_inHg);
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double press = P_layer(hgt, 0, ISA::P0, Tref, ISA::lam0);
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double qnhx = QNH(hgt, press) / inHg;
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double qnh2 = SGMiscd::round(qnhx*100)/100;
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double p_inHg = press / inHg;
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double Aprind = reading_ft(p_inHg);
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double Apr = a_vs_p(p_inHg*inHg) / foot;
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double hind = reading_ft(p_inHg, qnh2);
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@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
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#include <simgear/compiler.h>
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#include <simgear/math/interpolater.hxx>
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#include "boost/tuple/tuple.hpp"
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using namespace boost;
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#include <cmath>
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@ -50,8 +52,9 @@ namespace atmodel {
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SCD(mm, .0289644); // [kg/mole] molar mass of air (dry?)
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SCD(Rgas, 8.31432); // [J/K/mole] gas constant
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SCD(inch, 0.0254); // [m] definition of inch
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SCD(foot, 12 * inch); // [m]
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SCD(foot, 12 * inch); // [m]
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SCD(inHg, 101325.0 / 760 * 1000 * inch); // [Pa] definition of inHg
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SCD(mbar, 100.); // [Pa] definition of millibar
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SCD(freezing, 273.15); // [K] centigrade - kelvin offset
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SCD(nm, 1852); // [m] nautical mile (NIST)
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SCD(sm, 5280*foot); // [m] nautical mile (NIST)
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@ -66,19 +69,48 @@ namespace atmodel {
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class ISA_layer {
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public:
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double height;
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double temp;
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double lapse;
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ISA_layer(int, double h, double, double, double, double t, double,
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double l=-1, double=0)
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: height(h), // [meters]
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temp(t), // [kelvin]
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lapse(l) // [K/m]
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{}
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};
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extern const ISA_layer ISA_def[];
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tuple<double,double> PT_vs_hpt(
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const double hh,
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const double _p0 = atmodel::ISA::P0,
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const double _t0 = atmodel::ISA::T0);
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double P_layer(const double height, const double href,
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const double Pref, const double Tref, const double lapse );
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double T_layer(const double height, const double href,
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const double Pref, const double Tref, const double lapse );
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// The base class is little more than a namespace.
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// It has no constructor, no destructor, and no variables.
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class FGAtmo {
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public:
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double p_vs_a(const double height);
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double a_vs_p(const double press, const double qnh = atmodel::ISA::P0);
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double fake_t_vs_a_us(const double h_ft);
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double fake_T_vs_a_us(const double h_ft,
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const double Tsl = atmodel::ISA::T0) const;
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double fake_dp_vs_a_us(const double dpsl, const double h_ft);
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double P_layer(const double height, const double href,
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const double Pref, const double Tref,
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const double lapse );
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void check_one(const double height);
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double qnh(const double field_ft, const double press_in);
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// Altimeter setting _in pascals_
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// ... caller gets to convert to inHg or millibars
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// Field elevation in m
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// Field pressure in pascals
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// Valid for fields within the troposphere only.
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double QNH(const double field_elev, const double field_press);
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};
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
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// along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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// Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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//
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// $Id$
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// $Id: environment.cxx,v 1.1 2009/01/30 15:07:04 jsd Exp $
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#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
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@ -36,15 +36,18 @@
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#include <simgear/environment/visual_enviro.hxx>
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#include <Main/fg_props.hxx>
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#include <signal.h>
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#include "environment.hxx"
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#include "atmosphere.hxx"
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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// Atmosphere model.
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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#ifdef USING_TABLES
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// Calculated based on the ISA standard day, as found at e.g.
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// http://www.av8n.com/physics/altimetry.htm
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@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ _setup_tables ()
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atmosphere_data[i][2]);
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}
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}
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#endif
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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@ -137,7 +140,9 @@ void FGEnvironment::_init()
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wind_from_down_fps = 0;
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altitude_half_to_sun_m = 1000;
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altitude_tropo_top_m = 10000;
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#ifdef USING_TABLES
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_setup_tables();
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#endif
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_recalc_density();
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_recalc_relative_humidity();
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@ -200,12 +205,12 @@ FGEnvironment::read (const SGPropertyNode * node)
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&FGEnvironment::set_visibility_m);
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if (!maybe_copy_value(this, node, "temperature-sea-level-degc",
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&FGEnvironment::set_temperature_sea_level_degc))
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&FGEnvironment::set_temperature_sea_level_degc))
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maybe_copy_value(this, node, "temperature-degc",
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&FGEnvironment::set_temperature_degc);
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if (!maybe_copy_value(this, node, "dewpoint-sea-level-degc",
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&FGEnvironment::set_dewpoint_sea_level_degc))
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&FGEnvironment::set_dewpoint_sea_level_degc))
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maybe_copy_value(this, node, "dewpoint-degc",
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&FGEnvironment::set_dewpoint_degc);
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ FGEnvironment::set_temperature_sea_level_degc (double t)
|
|||
temperature_sea_level_degc = t;
|
||||
if (dewpoint_sea_level_degc > t)
|
||||
dewpoint_sea_level_degc = t;
|
||||
_recalc_alt_temperature();
|
||||
_recalc_alt_pt();
|
||||
_recalc_density();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -381,6 +386,8 @@ FGEnvironment::set_temperature_degc (double t)
|
|||
{
|
||||
temperature_degc = t;
|
||||
_recalc_sl_temperature();
|
||||
_recalc_sl_pressure();
|
||||
_recalc_alt_pt();
|
||||
_recalc_density();
|
||||
_recalc_relative_humidity();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -408,7 +415,7 @@ void
|
|||
FGEnvironment::set_pressure_sea_level_inhg (double p)
|
||||
{
|
||||
pressure_sea_level_inhg = p;
|
||||
_recalc_alt_pressure();
|
||||
_recalc_alt_pt();
|
||||
_recalc_density();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -471,9 +478,8 @@ void
|
|||
FGEnvironment::set_elevation_ft (double e)
|
||||
{
|
||||
elevation_ft = e;
|
||||
_recalc_alt_temperature();
|
||||
_recalc_alt_dewpoint();
|
||||
_recalc_alt_pressure();
|
||||
_recalc_alt_pt();
|
||||
_recalc_density();
|
||||
_recalc_relative_humidity();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -538,26 +544,34 @@ FGEnvironment::_recalc_ne ()
|
|||
sin(wind_from_heading_deg * SGD_DEGREES_TO_RADIANS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Intended to help with the interpretation of METAR data,
|
||||
// not for random in-flight outside-air temperatures.
|
||||
void
|
||||
FGEnvironment::_recalc_sl_temperature ()
|
||||
{
|
||||
// If we're in the stratosphere, leave sea-level temp alone
|
||||
if (elevation_ft < 38000) {
|
||||
temperature_sea_level_degc = (temperature_degc + 273.15)
|
||||
/ _temperature_degc_table->interpolate(elevation_ft)
|
||||
- 273.15;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void
|
||||
FGEnvironment::_recalc_alt_temperature ()
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (elevation_ft < 38000) {
|
||||
temperature_degc = (temperature_sea_level_degc + 273.15) *
|
||||
_temperature_degc_table->interpolate(elevation_ft) - 273.15;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
temperature_degc = -56.49; // Stratosphere is constant
|
||||
#if 0
|
||||
{
|
||||
SG_LOG(SG_GENERAL, SG_DEBUG, "recalc_sl_temperature: using "
|
||||
<< temperature_degc << " @ " << elevation_ft << " :: " << this);
|
||||
}
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
if (elevation_ft >= ISA_def[1].height) {
|
||||
SG_LOG(SG_GENERAL, SG_ALERT, "recalc_sl_temperature: "
|
||||
<< "valid only in troposphere, not " << elevation_ft);
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Clamp: temperature of the stratosphere, in degrees C:
|
||||
double t_strato = ISA_def[1].temp - atmodel::freezing;
|
||||
if (temperature_degc < t_strato) temperature_sea_level_degc = t_strato;
|
||||
else temperature_sea_level_degc =
|
||||
temperature_degc - elevation_ft * ISA_def[0].lapse;
|
||||
|
||||
// Alternative implemenation:
|
||||
// else temperature_sea_level_inhg = T_layer(0., elevation_ft * foot,
|
||||
// pressure_inhg * inHg, temperature_degc + freezing, ISA_def[0].lapse) - freezing;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void
|
||||
|
|
@ -585,15 +599,45 @@ FGEnvironment::_recalc_alt_dewpoint ()
|
|||
void
|
||||
FGEnvironment::_recalc_sl_pressure ()
|
||||
{
|
||||
pressure_sea_level_inhg =
|
||||
pressure_inhg / _pressure_inhg_table->interpolate(elevation_ft);
|
||||
using namespace atmodel;
|
||||
#if 0
|
||||
{
|
||||
SG_LOG(SG_GENERAL, SG_ALERT, "recalc_sl_pressure: using "
|
||||
<< pressure_inhg << " and "
|
||||
<< temperature_degc << " @ " << elevation_ft << " :: " << this);
|
||||
}
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
pressure_sea_level_inhg = P_layer(0., elevation_ft * foot,
|
||||
pressure_inhg * inHg, temperature_degc + freezing, ISA_def[0].lapse) / inHg;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// This gets called at frame rate, to account for the aircraft's
|
||||
// changing altitude.
|
||||
// Called by set_elevation_ft() which is called by FGEnvironmentMgr::update
|
||||
|
||||
void
|
||||
FGEnvironment::_recalc_alt_pressure ()
|
||||
FGEnvironment::_recalc_alt_pt ()
|
||||
{
|
||||
pressure_inhg =
|
||||
pressure_sea_level_inhg * _pressure_inhg_table->interpolate(elevation_ft);
|
||||
using namespace atmodel;
|
||||
#if 0
|
||||
{
|
||||
static int count(0);
|
||||
if (++count % 1000 == 0) {
|
||||
SG_LOG(SG_GENERAL, SG_ALERT,
|
||||
"recalc_alt_pt for: " << elevation_ft
|
||||
<< " using " << pressure_sea_level_inhg
|
||||
<< " and " << temperature_sea_level_degc
|
||||
<< " :: " << this
|
||||
<< " # " << count);
|
||||
///////////////////////////////////raise(SIGUSR1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
double press, temp;
|
||||
make_tuple(ref(press), ref(temp)) = PT_vs_hpt(elevation_ft * foot,
|
||||
pressure_sea_level_inhg * inHg, temperature_sea_level_degc + freezing);
|
||||
temperature_degc = temp - freezing;
|
||||
pressure_inhg = press / inHg;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ private:
|
|||
void _recalc_ne ();
|
||||
|
||||
void _recalc_sl_temperature ();
|
||||
void _recalc_alt_temperature ();
|
||||
void _recalc_sl_dewpoint ();
|
||||
void _recalc_alt_dewpoint ();
|
||||
void _recalc_sl_pressure ();
|
||||
void _recalc_alt_pressure ();
|
||||
void _recalc_alt_pt ();
|
||||
|
||||
void _recalc_density ();
|
||||
|
||||
void _recalc_density_tropo_avg_kgm3 ();
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -718,6 +718,7 @@ struct GeneralInitOperation : public GraphicsContextOperation
|
|||
|
||||
static void fgIdleFunction ( void ) {
|
||||
static osg::ref_ptr<GeneralInitOperation> genOp;
|
||||
////////cerr << "Idle state: " << idle_state << endl;
|
||||
if ( idle_state == 0 ) {
|
||||
idle_state++;
|
||||
// Pick some window on which to do queries.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue