improved mechanical VSI model, it now lags and displays wrong at

altitude

src/Instrumentation/vertical_speed_indicator.cxx

@@ -1,25 +1,35 @@
 // vertical_speed_indicator.cxx - a regular VSI.
 // Written by David Megginson, started 2002.
 //
+// Last change by E. van den Berg, 17.02.1013
+//
 // This file is in the Public Domain and comes with no warranty.
 
 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
 #  include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <simgear/constants.h>
 #include <simgear/math/interpolater.hxx>
 
 #include "vertical_speed_indicator.hxx"
 #include <Main/fg_props.hxx>
 #include <Main/util.hxx>
 
+//** NOTE: do not change these values. If you change one of them the others need to be changed too */
+//** these values calibrate the VSI at SL. */
+#define Vol_casing 1.25e-4          //m3
+#define A_orifice 7.853982e-9       //m2
+#define Factor_cal 189.145628       //- 
+
 using std::string;
 
 VerticalSpeedIndicator::VerticalSpeedIndicator ( SGPropertyNode *node )
-    : _internal_pressure_inhg(29.92),
+    : _casing_pressure_Pa(101325),
       _name(node->getStringValue("name", "vertical-speed-indicator")),
       _num(node->getIntValue("number", 0)),
-      _static_pressure(node->getStringValue("static-pressure", "/systems/static/pressure-inhg"))
+      _static_pressure(node->getStringValue("static-pressure", "/systems/static/pressure-inhg")),
+      _static_temperature(node->getStringValue("static-temperature", "/environment/temperature-degc"))
 {
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +46,10 @@ VerticalSpeedIndicator::init ()
     SGPropertyNode *node = fgGetNode(branch.c_str(), _num, true );
     _serviceable_node = node->getChild("serviceable", 0, true);
     _pressure_node = fgGetNode(_static_pressure.c_str(), true);
-    _speed_node = node->getChild("indicated-speed-fpm", 0, true);
+    _temperature_node = fgGetNode(_static_temperature.c_str(), true);
+    _speed_fpm_node = node->getChild("indicated-speed-fpm", 0, true);
+    _speed_mps_node = node->getChild("indicated-speed-mps", 0, true);
+    _speed_kts_node = node->getChild("indicated-speed-kts", 0, true);
     _speed_up_node = fgGetNode("/sim/speed-up", true);
 
     reinit();
@@ -45,26 +58,75 @@ VerticalSpeedIndicator::init ()
 void
 VerticalSpeedIndicator::reinit ()
 {
-    // Initialize at ambient pressure
+    // Initialize at ambient conditions
-    _internal_pressure_inhg = _pressure_node->getDoubleValue();
+    double casing_pressure_inHg = _pressure_node->getDoubleValue();
+    _casing_pressure_Pa =  casing_pressure_inHg * SG_INHG_TO_PA;
+    double casing_temperature_C = _temperature_node->getDoubleValue();
+    double casing_temperature_K = casing_temperature_C + 273.15;
+    _casing_density_kgpm3 = _casing_pressure_Pa / (casing_temperature_K * SG_R_m2_p_s2_p_K);
+    _casing_airmass_kg = _casing_density_kgpm3 * Vol_casing;
+    _orifice_massflow_kgps = 0.0;
 }
 
 void
 VerticalSpeedIndicator::update (double dt)
 {
-                                // model taken from steam.cxx, with change
-                                // from 10000 to 10500 for manual factor
     if (_serviceable_node->getBoolValue()) {
-        double pressure = _pressure_node->getDoubleValue();
+        double pressure_inHg = _pressure_node->getDoubleValue() ;
+        double pressure_Pa = pressure_inHg * SG_INHG_TO_PA;
         double speed_up = _speed_up_node->getDoubleValue();
+        double Fsign = 0.;
+        double orifice_mach = 0.0;
         if( speed_up > 1 )
             dt *= speed_up;
-        _speed_node
+
-            ->setDoubleValue((_internal_pressure_inhg - pressure) * 10500);
+// This is a thermodynamically correct model of a mechanical vertical speed indicator:
-        _internal_pressure_inhg =
+// It represents an aneroid in a closed (constant volume) casing with the aneroid internal pressure = static pressure
-            fgGetLowPass(_internal_pressure_inhg,
+// The casing has an orifice to static pressure 
-                         _pressure_node->getDoubleValue(),
+// the mass flow through the orifice is calculated using compressible aerodynamics (but adiabatic and of course a perfect gas)
-                         dt/6.0);
+// using the pressure in the casing and static pressure
+//
+// sadly at very low flows (small VS) in conjunction with the fact discrete timesteps (dt) are used, a numerical instability is formed.
+// this is counteracted by setting the massflow 0 at very small pressure differentials
+// this causes a small funny jump of your VSI when passing through 0...cannot be helped!
+//
+// also note the calibration is only valid for 0ft, so at higher altitudes, the vertical speed is not correct, but would indicate as a real mechanical VSI.
+// Only use for conventional mechanical VSI-s. Dont use in an Air Data Computer.
+//
+// (...and it is supposed to lag!)
+    
+        _casing_airmass_kg = _casing_airmass_kg - _orifice_massflow_kgps * dt;
+        double new_density_kgpm3 = _casing_airmass_kg / Vol_casing;
+        _casing_pressure_Pa = _casing_pressure_Pa * pow(new_density_kgpm3 / _casing_density_kgpm3 , SG_gamma);
+        double casing_temperature_K = _casing_pressure_Pa / (new_density_kgpm3 * SG_R_m2_p_s2_p_K);
+
+        if( _casing_pressure_Pa - pressure_Pa > 0.0 ) {
+            Fsign = 1.0;         //outflow, pos VS
+        } else {
+            Fsign = -1.0;        //inflow, neg VS
+        }
+
+        if( fabs(_casing_pressure_Pa - pressure_Pa) < 0.01 ) {
+            orifice_mach = 0.0;   
+        } else { 
+            orifice_mach = sqrt(fabs (2.0*SG_cp_m2_p_s2_p_K / (SG_gamma * SG_R_m2_p_s2_p_K) * ( pow(pressure_Pa / _casing_pressure_Pa ,(SG_gamma-1)/SG_gamma ) -1 ) ) );
+        }
+
+        _orifice_massflow_kgps = Fsign * _casing_pressure_Pa / sqrt(casing_temperature_K) * sqrt(SG_gamma/SG_R_m2_p_s2_p_K) * orifice_mach * pow(1+(SG_gamma-1)/2*orifice_mach*orifice_mach,-(SG_gamma+1)/(2*(SG_gamma-1))) * A_orifice;
+
+        double vs_fpm = Fsign * sqrt( fabs( pressure_Pa - _casing_pressure_Pa ) ) * Factor_cal;
+        double vs_kts = vs_fpm / 60 * SG_FPS_TO_KT;
+        double vs_mps = vs_fpm / 60 * SG_FEET_TO_METER;
+
+        _speed_fpm_node
+          ->setDoubleValue(vs_fpm);
+        _speed_kts_node
+          ->setDoubleValue(vs_kts);
+        _speed_mps_node
+          ->setDoubleValue(vs_mps);
+
+        _casing_density_kgpm3 = new_density_kgpm3;
+
     }
 }
 

src/Instrumentation/vertical_speed_indicator.hxx

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // vertical_speed_indicator.hxx - a regular VSI tied to the static port.
 // Written by David Megginson, started 2002.
 //
+// Last change by E. van den Berg, 17.02.1013
+//
 // This file is in the Public Domain and comes with no warranty.
 
 
@@ -26,6 +28,8 @@
  * Output properties:
  *
  * /instrumentation/"name"/indicated-speed-fpm
+ * /instrumentation/"name"/indicated-speed-mps
+ * /instrumentation/"name"/indicated-speed-kts
  */
 class VerticalSpeedIndicator : public SGSubsystem
 {
@@ -41,15 +45,22 @@ public:
 
 private:
 
-    double _internal_pressure_inhg;
+    double _casing_pressure_Pa;
+    double _casing_airmass_kg;
+    double _casing_density_kgpm3;
+    double _orifice_massflow_kgps;
 
     std::string _name;
     int _num;
     std::string _static_pressure;
+    std::string _static_temperature;
 
     SGPropertyNode_ptr _serviceable_node;
     SGPropertyNode_ptr _pressure_node;
-    SGPropertyNode_ptr _speed_node;
+    SGPropertyNode_ptr _temperature_node;
+    SGPropertyNode_ptr _speed_fpm_node;
+    SGPropertyNode_ptr _speed_mps_node;
+    SGPropertyNode_ptr _speed_kts_node;
     SGPropertyNode_ptr _speed_up_node;
     
 };