var iscntrl = func(c) c >= 1 and c <= 31 or c == 127;
var isascii = func(c) c >= 0 and c <= 127;
var isupper = func(c) c >= `A` and c <= `Z`;
var islower = func(c) c >= `a` and c <= `z`;
var isdigit = func(c) c >= `0` and c <= `9`;
var isblank = func(c) c == ` ` or c == `\t`;
var ispunct = func(c) c >= `!` and c <= `/` or c >= `:` and c <= `@`
		or c >= `[` and c <= `\`` or c >= `{` and c <= `~`;

var isxdigit = func(c) isdigit(c) or c >= `a` and c <= `f` or c >= `A` and c <= `F`;
var isspace = func(c) c == ` ` or c >= `\t` and c <= `\r`;
var isalpha = func(c) isupper(c) or islower(c);
var isalnum = func(c) isalpha(c) or isdigit(c);
var isgraph = func(c) isalnum(c) or ispunct(c);
var isprint = func(c) isgraph(c) or c == ` `;

var toupper = func(c) islower(c) ? c + `A` - `a` : c;
var tolower = func(c) isupper(c) ? c + `a` - `A` : c;


##
# trim spaces at the left (lr < 0), at the right (lr > 0), or both (lr = 0)
#
var trim = func(s, lr = 0) {
	var l = 0;
	if (lr <= 0)
		for (; l < size(s); l += 1)
			if (!isspace(s[l]))
				break;
	var r = size(s) - 1;
	if (lr >= 0)
		for (; r >= 0; r -= 1)
			if (!isspace(s[r]))
				break;
	return r < l ? "" : substr(s, l, r - l + 1);
}


##
# return string converted to lower case letters
#
var lc = func(str) {
	var s = "";
	for (var i = 0; i < size(str); i += 1)
		s ~= chr(tolower(str[i]));
	return s;
}


##
# return string converted to upper case letters
#
var uc = func(str) {
	var s = "";
	for (var i = 0; i < size(str); i += 1)
		s ~= chr(toupper(str[i]));
	return s;
}


##
# case insensitive string compare and match functions
# (not very efficient -- converting the array to be sorted
# first is faster)
#
var icmp = func(a, b) cmp(lc(a), lc(b));
var imatch = func(a, b) match(lc(a), lc(b));




##
# Functions that are used in the IO security code (io.nas) are defined in a
# closure that holds safe copies of system functions. Later manipulation of
# append(), pop() etc. doesn't affect them. Of course, any security code
# must itself store safe copies of these tamper-proof functions before user
# code can redefine them, and the closure() command must be made inaccessible.
##

var match = nil;
var fixpath = nil;
var join = nil;
var replace = nil;

(func {
	var append = append;
	var caller = caller;
	var pop = pop;
	var setsize = setsize;
	var size = size;
	var split = split;
	var substr = substr;
	var subvec = subvec;


##
# check if string <str> matches shell style pattern <patt>
#
# Rules:
# ?   stands for any single character
# *   stands for any number (including zero) of arbitrary characters
# \   escapes the next character and makes it stand for itself; that is:
#     \? stands for a question mark (not the "any single character" placeholder)
# []  stands for a group of characters:
#     [abc]      stands for letters a, b or c
#     [^abc]     stands for any character but a, b, and c  (^ as first character -> inversion)
#     [1-4]      stands for digits 1 to 4 (1, 2, 3, 4)
#     [1-4-]     stands for digits 1 to 4, and the minus
#     [-1-4]     same as above
#     [1-3-6]    stands for digits 1 to 3, minus, and 6
#     [1-3-6-9]  stands for digits 1 to 3, minus, and 6 to 9
#     [][]       stands for the closing and the opening bracket (']' must be first!)
#     [^^]       stands for all characters but the caret symbol
#     [\/]       stands for a backslash or a slash  (the backslash isn't an
#                escape character in a [] character group)
#
#     Note that a minus can't be a range delimiter, as in [a--e],
#     which would be interpreted as any of a, e, or minus.
#
# Example:
#     string.match(name, "*[0-9].xml"); ... true if 'name' ends with digit followed by ".xml"
#
match = func(str, patt) {
	var s = 0;
	for (var p = 0; p < size(patt) and s < size(str); ) {
		if (patt[p] == `\\`) {
			if ((p += 1) >= size(patt))
				return 0;  # pattern ends with backslash

		} elsif (patt[p] == `?`) {
			s += 1;
			p += 1;
			continue;

		} elsif (patt[p] == `*`) {
			for (; p < size(patt); p += 1)
				if (patt[p] != `*`)
					break;
			if (p >= size(patt))
				return 1;

			for (; s < size(str); s += 1)
				if (caller(0)[1](substr(str, s), substr(patt, p)))
					return 1;
			continue;

		} elsif (patt[p] == `[`) {
			setsize(var x = [], 256);
			var invert = 0;
			if ((p += 1) < size(patt) and patt[p] == `^`) {
				p += 1;
				invert = 1;
			}
			for (var i = 0; p < size(patt); p += 1) {
				if (patt[p] == `]` and i)
					break;
				x[patt[p]] = 1;
				i += 1;

				if (p + 2 < patt[p] and patt[p] != `-` and patt[p + 1] == `-`
						and patt[p + 2] != `]` and patt[p + 2] != `-`) {
					var from = patt[p];
					var to = patt[p += 2];
					for (var c = from; c <= to; c += 1)
						x[c] = 1;
				}
			}
			if (invert ? !!x[str[s]] : !x[str[s]])
				return 0;
			s += 1;
			p += 1;
			continue;
		}

		if (str[s] != patt[p])
			return 0;
		s += 1;
		p += 1;
	}
	return s == size(str) and p == size(patt);
}


##
# Removes superfluous slashes, empty and "." elements, expands
# all ".." elements, and turns all backslashes into slashes.
# The result will start with a slash if it started with a slash
# or backslash, it will end without slash. Should be applied to
# absolute property or file paths, otherwise ".." elements might
# be resolved wrongly.
#
fixpath = func(path) {
	path = replace(path, "\\", "/");
	var prefix = size(path) and path[0] == `/` ? "/" : "";
	var stack = [];

	foreach (var e; split("/", path)) {
		if (e == "." or e == "")
			continue;
		elsif (e == "..")
			pop(stack);
		else
			append(stack, e);
	}
	return size(stack) ? prefix ~ join("/", stack) : "/";
}


##
# Join all elements of a list inserting a separator between every two of them.
#
join = func(sep, list) {
	if (!size(list))
		return "";
	var str = list[0];
	foreach (var s; subvec(list, 1))
		str ~= sep ~ s;
	return str;
}


##
# Replace all occurrences of 'old' by 'new'.
#
replace = func(str, old, new) {
	return join(new, split(old, str));
}

})(); # end tamper-proof environment




##
# Simple scanf function. Takes an input string, a pattern, and a
# vector. It returns 0 if the format didn't match, and appends
# all found elements to the given vector.
#
#   var r = string.scanf("comm3freq123.456", "comm%ufreq%f", var result = []);
#
# The result vector will be set to [3, 123.456].
#
var Scan = {
	new : func(s) {{ str: s, pos: 0, parents: [Scan] }},
	getc : func {
		if (me.pos >= size(me.str))
			return nil;
		var c = me.str[me.pos];
		me.pos += 1;
		return c;
	},
	ungetc : func { me.pos -= 1 },
	rest : func { substr(me.str, me.pos) },
};


var scanf = func(test, format, result) {
	if (find("%", format) < 0)
		return cmp(test, format) ? 0 : 2;

	var success = 0;
	var str = Scan.new(test);
	var format = Scan.new(format);

	while (1) {
		var f = format.getc();
		if (f == nil) {
			break;

		} elsif (f == `%`) {
			success = 1;		# unsafe match
			f = format.getc();
			if (f == nil)
				die("scanf: trailing % in format");
			if (f == `%` and str.getc() != `%`)
				return 0;

			if (isdigit(f)) {
				var fnum = f - `0`;
				while ((f = format.getc()) != nil and isdigit(f))
					fnum = fnum * 10 + f - `0`;
			} else {
				var fnum = -2; # because we add one if !prefix
			}

			var numstr = "";
			var prefix = 0;
			var sign = 1;
			if (f == `d` or f == `f` or f == `u`) {
				var c = str.getc();
				if (c == `+`) {
					prefix = 1;
				} elsif (c == `-`) {
					if (f == `u`)
						return 0;
					(prefix, sign) = (1, -1);
				} else {
					str.ungetc();
				}
				if (!prefix)
					fnum += 1;

				while ((var c = str.getc()) != nil and (fnum -= 1)) {
					if (f != `f` and c == `.`)
						break;
					elsif (num(numstr ~ chr(c) ~ '0') != nil) # append 0 to digest e/E
						numstr ~= chr(c);
					else
						break;
				}
				if (c != nil)
					str.ungetc();
				if (num(numstr) == nil)
					return 0;
			} else {
				die("scanf: bad format element %" ~ chr(f));
			}

			if (!size(numstr) and prefix)
				return 0;

			append(result, sign * num(numstr));

		} elsif (isspace(f)) {
			while ((var c = str.getc()) != nil and isspace(c))
				nil;
			if (c != nil)
				str.ungetc();

		} elsif (f != (var c = str.getc())) {
			return 0;

		} else {
			sucess = 2;		# safe match
		}
	}
	return str.getc() == nil and format.getc() == nil ? success : 0;
}