diff --git a/Materials/regions/caribbean-farm-buildings.xml b/Materials/regions/caribbean-farm-buildings.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7212b5e29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Materials/regions/caribbean-farm-buildings.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Set of generic farm buildings, for inclusion in a materials file -->
+<PropertyList>
+  <range-m>5000</range-m>
+  <object>
+    <path>Models/Buildings/red-barn.ac</path>
+    <path>Models/Buildings/cow-stable.ac</path>
+    <path>Models/Agriculture/farmhouse1.ac</path>
+    <path>Models/Agriculture/farmhouse2.ac</path>
+    <path>Models/Agriculture/farmhouse3.ac</path>
+    <coverage-m2>5000</coverage-m2>
+    <heading-type>mask</heading-type>
+  </object>
+</PropertyList>
diff --git a/Materials/regions/caribbean.xml b/Materials/regions/caribbean.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14e9ed7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Materials/regions/caribbean.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- General settings for all caribbean materials -->
+<PropertyList>
+  <!-- Define the caribbean as a box with given latitude/longitude -->
+  <condition>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-85.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-40.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>11.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>25</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+  </condition>
+  
+  <!-- Caribbean buildings definitions. Notes that these will be used for -->
+  <!-- both towns and cities                                              -->
+  <building-texture>Textures/buildings-caribbean.png</building-texture>
+  <building-lightmap>Textures/buildings-caribbean-lightmap.png</building-lightmap>
+  <building-small-min-floors>1</building-small-min-floors>
+  <building-small-max-floors>2</building-small-max-floors>
+  <building-small-max-width-m>20.0</building-small-max-width-m>
+  <building-small-min-depth-m>8.0</building-small-min-depth-m>
+  <building-small-max-depth-m>20.0</building-small-max-depth-m>
+  <building-medium-min-floors>1</building-medium-min-floors>
+  <building-medium-max-floors>3</building-medium-max-floors>
+
+  <!-- Appropriate tropical trees -->
+  <tree-texture>Trees/tropical-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+  
+</PropertyList>
diff --git a/Materials/regions/european.xml b/Materials/regions/european.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a7b6a4b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Materials/regions/european.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- General settings for all European materials -->
+<PropertyList>
+  <!-- Define Europe as a box with given latitude/longitude -->
+  <condition>
+    <and>
+      <equals>
+        <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+        <value>summer</value>
+      </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-20.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>40.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>35.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  
+  <!-- European buildings definitions. Notes that these will be used for  -->
+  <!-- both towns and cities                                              -->
+  <building-texture>Textures/buildings.png</building-texture>
+  <building-lightmap>Textures/buildings-lightmap.png</building-lightmap>
+
+  
+</PropertyList>
diff --git a/Materials/regions/hawaii.xml b/Materials/regions/hawaii.xml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d1c798bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Materials/regions/hawaii.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- General settings for all Hawaii materials -->
+<PropertyList>
+  <!-- Define Hawaii as a box with given latitude/longitude -->
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  
+  <!-- Hawaiian buildings definitions. Notes that these will be used for  -->
+  <!-- both towns and cities                                              -->
+  <building-texture>Textures/buildings-caribbean.png</building-texture>
+  <building-lightmap>Textures/buildings-caribbean-lightmap.png</building-lightmap>
+  <building-small-min-floors>1</building-small-min-floors>
+  <building-small-max-floors>2</building-small-max-floors>
+  <building-small-max-width-m>20.0</building-small-max-width-m>
+  <building-small-min-depth-m>8.0</building-small-min-depth-m>
+  <building-small-max-depth-m>20.0</building-small-max-depth-m>
+  <building-medium-min-floors>1</building-medium-min-floors>
+  <building-medium-max-floors>3</building-medium-max-floors>
+  
+</PropertyList>
diff --git a/Materials/regions/materials.xml b/Materials/regions/materials.xml
index 7b334c211..14fdf8953 100644
--- a/Materials/regions/materials.xml
+++ b/Materials/regions/materials.xml
@@ -617,122 +617,171 @@
   <wrapu>false</wrapu>
 </material>
 
- <!-- Default Summer -->
+<!-- REGIONAL DEFINITIONS - CARIBBEAN ISLANDS               -->
 
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <name>Landmass</name>
-  <name>SomeSort</name>
-  <name>Island</name>
-  <name>Default</name>
-  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
-  <texture>Terrain/forest1a.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/forest1b.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/forest1c.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
-  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <name>EvergreenBroadCover</name>
-  <name>EvergreenForest</name>
-  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
-  <texture>Terrain/forest1a.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/forest1b.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/forest1c.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>18.0</tree-width-m>
-  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
-  <name>DeciduousBroadCover</name>
-  <name>DeciduousForest</name>
-  <name>Bog</name>
-  <name>Heath</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/deciduous-hires.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/deciduous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
-  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.85</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-
-<!-- regional forest Hawaii -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-179.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-154.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
+<material include="Materials/regions/caribbean.xml">
   <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
   <name>MixedForestCover</name>
   <name>MixedForest</name>
   <name>RainForest</name>
+  <name>EvergreenBroadCover</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/rainforest-hawaii.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>5000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.95</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/caribbean.xml">
+  <name>Town</name>
+  <name>SubUrban</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/town-europe.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/town-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>1024</xsize>
+  <ysize>1024</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
+  <emissive>
+   <r>0.05</r>
+   <g>0.05</g>
+   <b>0.02</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </emissive>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
+  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
+  <building-small-ratio>0.9</building-small-ratio>
+  <building-medium-ratio>0.1</building-medium-ratio>
+  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+</material>
+
+<!-- Caribbean city -->
+<material include="Materials/regions/caribbean.xml">
+  <name>BuiltUpCover</name>
+  <name>Urban</name>
+  <effect>Effects/urban</effect>
+  <texture-set>
+   <texture>Terrain/city1.png</texture>
+   <texture n="2">Terrain/city1-relief-light.png</texture>
+  </texture-set>
+  <texture-set>
+   <texture>Terrain/city2.png</texture>
+   <texture n="2">Terrain/city2-relief-light.png</texture>
+  </texture-set>
+	<object-mask>Terrain/city1.mask.png</object-mask>
+	<object-mask>Terrain/city2.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>1000</xsize>
+  <ysize>1000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
+  <emissive>
+   <r>0.05</r>
+   <g>0.05</g>
+   <b>0.02</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </emissive>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
+  <building-small-ratio>0.7</building-small-ratio>
+  <building-medium-ratio>0.3</building-medium-ratio>
+  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
+  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/caribbean.xml">
+  <name>GolfCourse</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/golfcourse1.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/golfcourse1.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>800</xsize>
+  <ysize>800</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.9</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.9</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.3</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <wood-coverage>1000.0</wood-coverage>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/caribbean.xml">
+  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
+  <name>DryCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>DryCrop</name>
+  <name>MixedCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>MixedCrop</name>
+  <name>ComplexCrop</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/mixedcrop-caribbean.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/mixedcrop4.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.0</r>
+   <g>0.9</g>
+   <b>0.0</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.7</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <object-group include="Materials/regions/caribbean-farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <wood-coverage>1000.0</wood-coverage>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/caribbean.xml">
+  <name>GrassCover</name>
+  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
+  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
+  <name>Cemetery</name>
+  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/grass-caribbean.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.93</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.93</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+</material>
+
+
+<!-- REGIONAL DEFINITIONS - HAWAII ISLANDS                -->
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/hawaii.xml">
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <name>MixedForestCover</name>
+  <name>MixedForest</name>
+  <name>RainForest</name>
+  <name>EvergreenBroadCover</name>
   <texture>Terrain/rainforest-hawaii.png</texture>
   <xsize>2000</xsize>
   <ysize>2000</ysize>
@@ -747,108 +796,7 @@
   <bumpiness>0.95</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
-  <name>MixedForestCover</name>
-  <name>MixedForest</name>
-  <name>RainForest</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/mixedforest-hires.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>5000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
-  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.95</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
-  <name>EvergreenNeedleCover</name>
-  <name>WoodedTundraCover</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/dec_evergreen-hires.png</texture>
-  <xsize>1000</xsize>
-  <ysize>1000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
-  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
-  <name>DeciduousNeedleCover</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/dec_evergreen-hires.png</texture>
-  <xsize>1000</xsize>
-  <ysize>1000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>15.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>8.0</tree-width-m>
-  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-<!-- Hawaii sand -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-179.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-154.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
+<material include="Materials/regions/hawaii.xml">
   <name>Sand</name>
   <texture>Terrain/sand-hawaii4.png</texture>
   <xsize>2000</xsize>
@@ -860,31 +808,7 @@
   <bumpiness>0.1</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
-
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-  </condition>
-  <name>Sand</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/sand4.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/sand5.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/sand6.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <shininess>2.5</shininess>
-  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
-  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
-  <bumpiness>0.1</bumpiness>
-</material>
-
-
 <!-- special Kau'ai and Oahu shrub cover - more green (this is seen in satellite images  -->
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <and>
@@ -945,36 +869,8 @@
   <bumpiness>0.4</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
-
 <!-- Hawaii red sand shrub cover -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-179.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-154.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
+<material include="Materials/regions/hawaii.xml">
   <!--<effect>Effects/landmass-scrub</effect>-->
   <name>ShrubCover</name>
   <name>ShrubGrassCover</name>
@@ -1008,6 +904,549 @@
   <bumpiness>0.4</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
+<material include="Materials/regions/hawaii.xml">
+  <name>Town</name>
+  <name>SubUrban</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/town-europe.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/town-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>1024</xsize>
+  <ysize>1024</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
+  <emissive>
+   <r>0.05</r>
+   <g>0.05</g>
+   <b>0.02</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </emissive>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
+  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
+  <building-small-ratio>0.9</building-small-ratio>
+  <building-medium-ratio>0.1</building-medium-ratio>
+  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/tropical-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<!-- More green Oahu and Kaua'i tundra cover -->
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-160.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-157.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <name>GrassCover</name>
+  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
+  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
+  <name>Cemetery</name>
+  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/tundra-hawaii-green.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.93</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.93</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+</material>
+
+
+<!-- Hawaii tundra cover -->
+<material include="Materials/regions/hawaii.xml">
+  <name>GrassCover</name>
+  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
+  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
+  <name>Cemetery</name>
+  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/tundra-hawaii.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.93</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.93</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/hawaii.xml">
+  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
+  <name>MixedCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>MixedCrop</name>
+  <name>ComplexCrop</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/rice1.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/rice1.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.7</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <wood-coverage>10000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<!-- REGIONAL DEFINITIONS - EUROPE                        -->
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/european.xml">
+  <effect>Effects/cropgrass</effect>
+  <name>CropGrassCover</name>
+  <name>CropGrass</name>
+  <name>Grassland</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/cropgrass-hires.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/cropgrass-hires.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.93</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.93</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.3</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/european.xml">
+  <name>BuiltUpCover</name>
+  <name>Urban</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/18th_century_city.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/18th_century_city.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>1000</xsize>
+  <ysize>1000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
+  <emissive>
+   <r>0.05</r>
+   <g>0.05</g>
+   <b>0.02</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </emissive>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/urban-buildings.xml"/>
+  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
+  <building-small-ratio>0.4</building-small-ratio>
+  <building-small-min-floors>3</building-small-min-floors>
+  <building-small-max-width-m>30.0</building-small-max-width-m>
+  <building-small-min-depth-m>10.0</building-small-min-depth-m>
+  <building-small-max-depth-m>30.0</building-small-max-depth-m>
+  <building-medium-ratio>0.6</building-medium-ratio>
+  <building-large-ratio>0.2</building-large-ratio>
+  <wood-coverage>250000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/deciduous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>15.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>10.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/european.xml">
+  <name>Town</name>
+  <name>SubUrban</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/town-europe.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/town-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>1024</xsize>
+  <ysize>1024</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
+  <emissive>
+   <r>0.05</r>
+   <g>0.05</g>
+   <b>0.02</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </emissive>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
+  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
+  <building-small-ratio>0.9</building-small-ratio>
+  <building-medium-ratio>0.1</building-medium-ratio>
+  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
+  <building-medium-max-floors>4</building-medium-max-floors>
+  <wood-coverage>1000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/deciduous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>15.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>10.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/european.xml">
+  <name>Marsh</name>
+  <name>Littoral</name>
+  <name>FloodLand</name>
+  <name>SaltMarsh</name>
+  <name>HerbWetlandCover</name>
+  <name>WoodedWetlandCover</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/marsh2a.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/marsh3a.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/marsh4a.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <light-coverage>40000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <friction-factor>0.8</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.3</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.2</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/european.xml">
+  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
+  <name>MixedCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>MixedCrop</name>
+  <name>ComplexCrop</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.7</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<material include="Materials/regions/european.xml">
+  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
+  <name>IrrCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>IrrCrop</name>
+  <name>Orchard</name>
+  <name>Olives</name>
+  <name>Vineyard</name>
+  <name>Rice</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.3</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.6</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+
+<!-- REGIONAL DEFINITIONS - ASIA                          -->
+
+<!-- Regional Asian irrigated crops -->
+<material>
+  <condition>
+  <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>60.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>180.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-15.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>45.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
+  <name>IrrCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>IrrCrop</name>
+  <name>Orchard</name>
+  <name>Olives</name>
+  <name>Vineyard</name>
+  <name>Rice</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/rice1.png</texture>
+  <object-mask>Terrain/rice1.mask.png</object-mask>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.3</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.6</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <wood-coverage>10000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+<!-- DEFAULT SUMMER DEFINITIONS                           -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <name>Landmass</name>
+  <name>SomeSort</name>
+  <name>Island</name>
+  <name>Default</name>
+  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/forest1a.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/forest1b.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/forest1c.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <name>DeciduousBroadCover</name>
+  <name>DeciduousForest</name>
+  <name>Bog</name>
+  <name>Heath</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/deciduous-hires.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/deciduous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.85</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <name>MixedForestCover</name>
+  <name>MixedForest</name>
+  <name>RainForest</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/mixedforest-hires.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>5000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.95</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <name>EvergreenBroadCover</name>
+  <name>EvergreenForest</name>
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/forest1a.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/forest1b.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/forest1c.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>18.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <name>EvergreenNeedleCover</name>
+  <name>WoodedTundraCover</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/dec_evergreen-hires.png</texture>
+  <xsize>1000</xsize>
+  <ysize>1000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <name>DeciduousNeedleCover</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/dec_evergreen-hires.png</texture>
+  <xsize>1000</xsize>
+  <ysize>1000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/coniferous-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>15.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>8.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+  </condition>
+  <name>Sand</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/sand4.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/sand5.png</texture>
+  <texture>Terrain/sand6.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <shininess>2.5</shininess>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <bumpiness>0.1</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
 
 
 
@@ -1057,63 +1496,7 @@
 </material>
 
 
-<!-- Europe style city, currently without effects -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-20.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>40.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>35.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <name>BuiltUpCover</name>
-  <name>Urban</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/18th_century_city.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/18th_century_city.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>1000</xsize>
-  <ysize>1000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
-  <emissive>
-   <r>0.05</r>
-   <g>0.05</g>
-   <b>0.02</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </emissive>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/urban-buildings.xml"/>
-  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
-  <building-small-ratio>0.4</building-small-ratio>
-  <building-small-min-floors>3</building-small-min-floors>
-  <building-small-max-width-m>30.0</building-small-max-width-m>
-  <building-small-min-depth-m>10.0</building-small-min-depth-m>
-  <building-small-max-depth-m>30.0</building-small-max-depth-m>
-  <building-medium-ratio>0.6</building-medium-ratio>
-  <building-large-ratio>0.2</building-large-ratio>
-  <wood-coverage>250000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/deciduous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>15.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>10.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
 <!-- default US style city -->
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -1186,119 +1569,7 @@
 	<object-group include="Materials/base/industrial-buildings.xml"/>
 </material>
 
-
-<!-- regional town Hawaii -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-  <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-179.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-154.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <name>Town</name>
-  <name>SubUrban</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/town-europe.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/town-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>1024</xsize>
-  <ysize>1024</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
-  <emissive>
-   <r>0.05</r>
-   <g>0.05</g>
-   <b>0.02</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </emissive>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
-  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
-  <building-small-ratio>0.9</building-small-ratio>
-  <building-medium-ratio>0.1</building-medium-ratio>
-  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
-  <building-medium-max-floors>4</building-medium-max-floors>
-  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
-
-<!-- regional town Europe -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-20.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>40.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>35.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <name>Town</name>
-  <name>SubUrban</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/town-europe.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/town-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>1024</xsize>
-  <ysize>1024</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
-  <emissive>
-   <r>0.05</r>
-   <g>0.05</g>
-   <b>0.02</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </emissive>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
-  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
-  <building-small-ratio>0.9</building-small-ratio>
-  <building-medium-ratio>0.1</building-medium-ratio>
-  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
-  <building-medium-max-floors>4</building-medium-max-floors>
-  <wood-coverage>1000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/deciduous-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>15.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>10.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
 <!-- default town US style -->
-
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -1421,51 +1692,6 @@
   <bumpiness>0.6</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
-<!-- Europe - better blended with agriculture textures -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-20.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>40.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>35.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <name>Marsh</name>
-  <name>Littoral</name>
-  <name>FloodLand</name>
-  <name>SaltMarsh</name>
-  <name>HerbWetlandCover</name>
-  <name>WoodedWetlandCover</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/marsh2a.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/marsh3a.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/marsh4a.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <light-coverage>40000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <friction-factor>0.8</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.3</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.2</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-</material>
-
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -1492,125 +1718,6 @@
   <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
 </material>
 
-
-<!-- More green Oahu and Kaua'i tundra cover -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-160.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-157.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <name>GrassCover</name>
-  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
-  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
-  <name>Cemetery</name>
-  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
-  <texture>Terrain/tundra-hawaii-green.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <diffuse>
-   <r>0.93</r>
-   <g>0.95</g>
-   <b>0.93</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </diffuse>
-  <specular>
-   <r>0.1</r>
-   <g>0.12</g>
-   <b>0.1</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </specular>
-  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-</material>
-
-
-<!-- Hawaii tundra cover -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-179.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-154.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <name>GrassCover</name>
-  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
-  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
-  <name>Cemetery</name>
-  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
-  <texture>Terrain/tundra-hawaii.png</texture>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <diffuse>
-   <r>0.93</r>
-   <g>0.95</g>
-   <b>0.93</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </diffuse>
-  <specular>
-   <r>0.1</r>
-   <g>0.12</g>
-   <b>0.1</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </specular>
-  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-</material>
-
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -1739,111 +1846,7 @@
   <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
 </material>
 
-<!-- European style mixed crop-->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
- <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-20.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>40.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>35.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
-  <name>MixedCropPastureCover</name>
-  <name>MixedCrop</name>
-  <name>ComplexCrop</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.7</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
-  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
-
-<!-- regional Hawaii mixed crop -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-179.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-154.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>18.8</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>28.5</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
-  <name>MixedCropPastureCover</name>
-  <name>MixedCrop</name>
-  <name>ComplexCrop</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/rice1.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/rice1.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.7</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
-  <wood-coverage>10000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
-
-
 <!-- default mixed crop -->
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -1878,122 +1881,7 @@
   <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
 </material>
 
-
-<!-- regional Asian irrigated crops -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-  <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>60.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>180.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-15.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>45.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
-  <name>IrrCropPastureCover</name>
-  <name>IrrCrop</name>
-  <name>Orchard</name>
-  <name>Olives</name>
-  <name>Vineyard</name>
-  <name>Rice</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/rice1.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/rice1.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.3</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.6</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
-  <wood-coverage>10000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
-
-<!-- European irrigated crops -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-  <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-20.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>40.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>35.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
-  <name>IrrCropPastureCover</name>
-  <name>IrrCrop</name>
-  <name>Orchard</name>
-  <name>Olives</name>
-  <name>Vineyard</name>
-  <name>Rice</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop-europe.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <!--<texture>Terrain/irrcrop1.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/irrcrop2.png</texture>
-  <texture>Terrain/irrcrop3.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop1.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop2.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/irrcrop3.mask.png</object-mask>-->
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.3</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.6</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
-  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
-
 <!-- default US style irrigated crops -->
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -2093,69 +1981,8 @@
   <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
 </material>
 
-<!-- European style cropgrass -->
-
-<material>
-  <condition>
-   <and>
-   <equals>
-    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
-    <value>summer</value>
-   </equals>
-    <and>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>-20.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-     <less-than>
-      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
-      <value>40.0</value>
-     </less-than>
-     <greater-than>
-      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
-      <value>35.0</value>
-     </greater-than>
-    </and>
-   </and>
-  </condition>
-  <effect>Effects/cropgrass</effect>
-  <name>CropGrassCover</name>
-  <name>CropGrass</name>
-  <name>Grassland</name>
-  <texture>Terrain/cropgrass-hires.png</texture>
-  <object-mask>Terrain/cropgrass-hires.mask.png</object-mask>
-  <xsize>2000</xsize>
-  <ysize>2000</ysize>
-  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
-  <diffuse>
-   <r>0.93</r>
-   <g>0.95</g>
-   <b>0.93</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </diffuse>
-  <specular>
-   <r>0.1</r>
-   <g>0.12</g>
-   <b>0.1</b>
-   <a>1.0</a>
-  </specular>
-  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
-  <solid>1</solid>
-  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
-  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
-  <bumpiness>0.3</bumpiness>
-  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
-  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
-  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
-  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
-  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
-  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
-  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
-  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
-</material>
 
 <!-- default US style cropgrass -->
-
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -2267,9 +2094,11 @@
   <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
 </material>
 
- <!-- end summer-->
+<!-- end summer-->
 
- <!-- Winter-->
+
+
+<!-- DEFAULT WINTER DEFINITIONS                           -->
 
 <material>
   <condition>
@@ -3032,18 +2861,18 @@
   <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
 </material>
 
- <!-- end winter-->
+<!-- end winter-->
 
- <material include="Materials/base/rock.xml">
+<material include="Materials/base/rock.xml">
   <name>BarrenCover</name>
   <name>Dirt</name>
   <name>OpenMining</name>
   <name>Rock</name>
   <name>Dump</name>
   <texture>Terrain/rock.png</texture>
- </material>
+</material>
 
- <!-- runway and taxiway signs -->
+<!-- runway and taxiway signs -->
 
 <material include="Materials/base/glyphs-yellow.xml">
   <name>YellowSign</name>
diff --git a/Shaders/runway.frag b/Shaders/runway.frag
index fad9defd9..ca7b5ab00 100644
--- a/Shaders/runway.frag
+++ b/Shaders/runway.frag
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ uniform int fogType;
 vec3 fog_Func(vec3 color, int type);
 //////////////////////
 
-vec3 fog_Func(vec3 color, int type);
-
 void main (void)
 {
     //vec3 halfV;
diff --git a/Shaders/sunlight-nofiltering.frag b/Shaders/sunlight-nofiltering.frag
index 38260c786..af9d0699e 100644
--- a/Shaders/sunlight-nofiltering.frag
+++ b/Shaders/sunlight-nofiltering.frag
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ uniform sampler2D spec_emis_tex;
 uniform sampler2DShadow shadow_tex;
 uniform vec4 fg_SunDiffuseColor;
 uniform vec4 fg_SunSpecularColor;
+uniform vec4 fg_SunAmbientColor;
 uniform vec3 fg_SunDirection;
 uniform vec3 fg_Planes;
 uniform int fg_ShadowNumber;
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ void main() {
     }
 
     float matID = texture2D( color_tex, coords ).a * 255.0;
-    if (matID == 255.0)
+    if (matID >= 254.0)
         Idiff += Ispec * spec_emis.x;
 
     gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(vec3(0.0), Idiff + Ispec, shadow) + Iemis, 1.0);
diff --git a/Shaders/sunlight-noshadow.frag b/Shaders/sunlight-noshadow.frag
index 8b670f5a4..2045b0f1c 100644
--- a/Shaders/sunlight-noshadow.frag
+++ b/Shaders/sunlight-noshadow.frag
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ void main() {
     }
 
     float matID = texture2D( color_tex, coords ).a * 255.0;
-    if (matID == 255.0)
+    if (matID >= 254.0)
         Idiff += Ispec * spec_emis.x;
 
     gl_FragColor = vec4(Idiff + Ispec + Iemis, 1.0);
diff --git a/Textures/Terrain/grass-caribbean.png b/Textures/Terrain/grass-caribbean.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69b50203c
Binary files /dev/null and b/Textures/Terrain/grass-caribbean.png differ
diff --git a/Textures/Terrain/mixedcrop-caribbean.png b/Textures/Terrain/mixedcrop-caribbean.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c7adb2e7
Binary files /dev/null and b/Textures/Terrain/mixedcrop-caribbean.png differ
diff --git a/Textures/Terrain/rainforest-hawaii.png b/Textures/Terrain/rainforest-hawaii.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9a37ff75
Binary files /dev/null and b/Textures/Terrain/rainforest-hawaii.png differ
diff --git a/Textures/buildings-caribbean-lightmap.png b/Textures/buildings-caribbean-lightmap.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07cb944bb
Binary files /dev/null and b/Textures/buildings-caribbean-lightmap.png differ
diff --git a/Textures/buildings-caribbean.png b/Textures/buildings-caribbean.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1dda3d90
Binary files /dev/null and b/Textures/buildings-caribbean.png differ
diff --git a/Translations/en/menu.xml b/Translations/en/menu.xml
index 6e1d6be1f..8f797bb7d 100644
--- a/Translations/en/menu.xml
+++ b/Translations/en/menu.xml
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@
 	<reload-autopilot>Reload Autopilot</reload-autopilot>
 	<reload-network>Reload Network</reload-network>
 	<reload-model>Reload Aircraft Model</reload-model>
+	<reload-materials>Reload Materials</reload-materials>
+	<reload-scenery>Reload Scenery</reload-scenery>
 	<nasal-console>Nasal Console</nasal-console>
 	<development-keys>Development Keys</development-keys>
 	<configure-dev-extension>Configure Development Extensions</configure-dev-extension>
diff --git a/gui/dialogs/rendering.xml b/gui/dialogs/rendering.xml
index f6218e2b2..904d6d200 100644
--- a/gui/dialogs/rendering.xml
+++ b/gui/dialogs/rendering.xml
@@ -247,6 +247,19 @@
 					<row>2</row>
 					<col>0</col>
 					<halign>left</halign>
+					<label>Random buildings</label>
+					<name>random-buildings</name>
+					<property>/sim/rendering/random-buildings</property>
+					<binding>
+						<command>dialog-apply</command>
+						<object-name>random-buildings</object-name>
+					</binding>
+				</checkbox>
+
+				<checkbox>
+					<row>3</row>
+					<col>0</col>
+					<halign>left</halign>
 					<label>Random objects</label>
 					<name>random-objects</name>
 					<property>/sim/rendering/random-objects</property>
@@ -257,7 +270,7 @@
 				</checkbox>
 
 				<checkbox>
-					<row>3</row>
+					<row>4</row>
 					<col>0</col>
 					<halign>left</halign>
 					<label>Random vegetation</label>
@@ -269,7 +282,7 @@
 					</binding>
 				</checkbox>
 				<text>
-					<row>3</row>
+					<row>4</row>
 					<col>1</col>
 					<label>density</label>
 					<enable>
@@ -277,7 +290,7 @@
 					</enable>
 				</text>
 				<slider>
-					<row>3</row>
+					<row>4</row>
 					<col>2</col>
 					<name>vegetation-density</name>
 					<min>0</min>
@@ -290,7 +303,7 @@
 					</binding>
 				</slider>
 				<text>
-					<row>3</row>
+					<row>4</row>
 					<col>3</col>
 					<label>12345678</label>
 					<format>%.1f</format>
@@ -301,50 +314,6 @@
 					</enable>
 				</text>
 				
-				<checkbox>
-					<row>4</row>
-					<col>0</col>
-					<halign>left</halign>
-					<label>Random buildings</label>
-					<name>random-buildings</name>
-					<property>/sim/rendering/random-buildings</property>
-					<binding>
-						<command>dialog-apply</command>
-						<object-name>random-buildings</object-name>
-					</binding>
-				</checkbox>
-				<text>
-					<row>4</row>
-					<col>1</col>
-					<label>density</label>
-					<enable>
-						<property>/sim/rendering/random-buildings</property>
-					</enable>
-				</text>
-				<slider>
-					<row>4</row>
-					<col>2</col>
-					<name>building-density</name>
-					<min>0</min>
-					<max>5.0</max>
-					<step>0.1</step>
-					<property>/sim/rendering/building-density</property>
-					<binding>
-						<command>dialog-apply</command>
-						<object-name>building-density</object-name>
-					</binding>
-				</slider>
-				<text>
-					<row>4</row>
-					<col>3</col>
-					<label>12345678</label>
-					<format>%.1f</format>
-					<live>true</live>
-					<property>/sim/rendering/building-density</property>
-					<enable>
-						<property>/sim/rendering/random-buildings</property>
-					</enable>
-				</text>
 			</group>
 
 			<button>
diff --git a/gui/menubar.xml b/gui/menubar.xml
index 9b230aed4..01be7053c 100644
--- a/gui/menubar.xml
+++ b/gui/menubar.xml
@@ -552,15 +552,30 @@
 				<command>reinit</command>
 				<subsystem>io</subsystem>
 			</binding>
-        </item>
+		</item>
 
-        <item>
-            <name>reload-model</name>
-            <binding>
-                <command>reinit</command>
-                <subsystem>aircraft-model</subsystem>
-            </binding>
-        </item>
+		<item>
+			<name>reload-model</name>
+			<binding>
+				<command>reinit</command>
+				<subsystem>aircraft-model</subsystem>
+		        </binding>
+		</item>
+
+		<item>
+			<name>reload-materials</name>
+			<binding>
+				<command>reload-materials</command>
+			</binding>
+		</item>
+
+		<item>
+			<name>reload-scenery</name>
+			<binding>
+				<command>reinit</command>
+				<subsystem>tile-manager</subsystem>
+			</binding>
+		</item>
 
 		<item>
 			<name>nasal-console</name>