diff --git a/Materials/base/materials-base.xml b/Materials/base/materials-base.xml
index 005f2cb61..fd2e0a0f2 100644
--- a/Materials/base/materials-base.xml
+++ b/Materials/base/materials-base.xml
@@ -527,8 +527,8 @@ Shared parameters for various materials.
   <texture>Terrain/lava1.png</texture>
   <texture>Terrain/lava2.png</texture>
   <texture>Terrain/lava3.png</texture>
-  <xsize>500</xsize>
-  <ysize>500</ysize>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
   <solid>1</solid>
   <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
   <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
diff --git a/Materials/regions/materials.xml b/Materials/regions/materials.xml
index b9e618dfe..4686eb061 100644
--- a/Materials/regions/materials.xml
+++ b/Materials/regions/materials.xml
@@ -699,6 +699,55 @@
   <bumpiness>0.85</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
+
+<!-- regional forest Hawaii -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/forest</effect>
+  <name>MixedForestCover</name>
+  <name>MixedForest</name>
+  <name>RainForest</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/rainforest-hawaii.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>5000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>4000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/tropical-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.95</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -771,6 +820,48 @@
   <bumpiness>1</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
+<!-- Hawaii sand -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <name>Sand</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/sand-hawaii4.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>10000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <shininess>2.5</shininess>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <bumpiness>0.1</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+
+
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -791,6 +882,135 @@
   <bumpiness>0.1</bumpiness>
 </material>
 
+
+<!-- special Kau'ai and Oahu shrub cover - more green (this is seen in satellite images  -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-160.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-157.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <!--<effect>Effects/landmass-scrub</effect>-->
+  <name>ShrubCover</name>
+  <name>ShrubGrassCover</name>
+  <name>ScrubCover</name>
+  <name>Scrub</name>
+  <name>Sclerophyllous</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/shrub-hawaii-green.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.86</r>
+   <g>0.86</g>
+   <b>0.86</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.1</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <light-coverage>20000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>12000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-shrub.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>2.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>2.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>0.6</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.4</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+
+<!-- Hawaii red sand shrub cover -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <!--<effect>Effects/landmass-scrub</effect>-->
+  <name>ShrubCover</name>
+  <name>ShrubGrassCover</name>
+  <name>ScrubCover</name>
+  <name>Scrub</name>
+  <name>Sclerophyllous</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/shrub-hawaii.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.86</r>
+   <g>0.86</g>
+   <b>0.86</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.1</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <light-coverage>20000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <wood-coverage>12000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-shrub.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>2.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>2.0</tree-width-m>
+  <rolling-friction>0.6</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.4</bumpiness>
+</material>
+
+
+
+
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -967,6 +1187,63 @@
 </material>
  
 
+<!-- regional town Hawaii -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+  <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <name>Town</name>
+  <name>SubUrban</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/town-europe.png</texture>   
+  <object-mask>Terrain/town-europe.mask.png</object-mask>      
+  <xsize>1024</xsize>
+  <ysize>1024</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>100000.0</light-coverage>
+  <emissive>
+   <r>0.05</r>
+   <g>0.05</g>
+   <b>0.02</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </emissive>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/town-buildings.xml"/>
+  <building-coverage>500.0</building-coverage>
+  <building-small-ratio>0.9</building-small-ratio>
+  <building-medium-ratio>0.1</building-medium-ratio>
+  <building-large-ratio>0.0</building-large-ratio>
+  <building-medium-max-floors>4</building-medium-max-floors>
+  <wood-coverage>5000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>25.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>15.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+
 <!-- regional town Europe -->
 
 <material>
@@ -1209,6 +1486,125 @@
   <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
 </material>
 
+
+<!-- More green Oahu and Kaua'i tundra cover -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-160.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-157.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <name>GrassCover</name>
+  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
+  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
+  <name>Cemetery</name>
+  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/tundra-hawaii-green.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.93</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.93</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+</material>
+
+
+<!-- Hawaii tundra cover -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <name>GrassCover</name>
+  <name>BareTundraCover</name>
+  <name>MixedTundraCover</name>
+  <name>Cemetery</name>
+  <effect>Effects/landmass-nowood</effect>
+  <texture>Terrain/tundra-hawaii.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>4000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <diffuse>
+   <r>0.93</r>
+   <g>0.95</g>
+   <b>0.93</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </diffuse>
+  <specular>
+   <r>0.1</r>
+   <g>0.12</g>
+   <b>0.1</b>
+   <a>1.0</a>
+  </specular>
+  <shininess>1.2</shininess>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.7</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.15</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+</material>
+
+
 <material>
   <condition>
    <equals>
@@ -1337,7 +1733,7 @@
   <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
 </material>
 
-<!-- European style -->
+<!-- European style mixed crop-->
 
 <material>
   <condition>
@@ -1385,6 +1781,60 @@
   <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
 </material>
 
+
+<!-- regional Hawaii mixed crop -->
+
+<material>
+  <condition>
+   <and>
+   <equals>
+    <property>sim/startup/season</property>
+    <value>summer</value>
+   </equals>
+    <and>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-179.0</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/longitude-deg</property>
+      <value>-154.0</value>
+     </less-than>
+     <greater-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>18.8</value>
+     </greater-than>
+     <less-than>
+      <property>position/latitude-deg</property>
+      <value>28.5</value>
+     </less-than>
+    </and>
+   </and>
+  </condition>
+  <effect>Effects/crop</effect>
+  <name>MixedCropPastureCover</name>
+  <name>MixedCrop</name>
+  <name>ComplexCrop</name>
+  <texture>Terrain/rice1.png</texture>
+  <xsize>2000</xsize>
+  <ysize>2000</ysize>
+  <light-coverage>2000000.0</light-coverage>
+  <solid>1</solid>
+  <friction-factor>0.9</friction-factor>
+  <rolling-friction>0.1</rolling-friction>
+  <bumpiness>0.7</bumpiness>
+  <load-resistance>1e30</load-resistance>
+  <object-group include="Materials/base/farm-buildings.xml"/>
+  <wood-coverage>10000.0</wood-coverage>
+  <tree-texture>Trees/mixed-summer.png</tree-texture>
+  <tree-varieties>8</tree-varieties>
+  <tree-range-m alias="/params/forest/tree-range-m"/>
+  <tree-height-m>20.0</tree-height-m>
+  <tree-width-m>12.0</tree-width-m>
+</material>
+
+
+
 <!-- default mixed crop -->
 
 <material>